The Notes of Lu Heng

Who decides the future of the Internet?

Who gave the Internet’s recordkeepers the power to govern it? These Notes follow that question from everyday analogies to a different design for the network.

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How should the Internet work?

Names, numbers, protocols and decentralized coordination.

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  1. Note 30How should the Internet work?

    On Why IPv6 Will Never Happen

    What would a migration have to pay back before real networks adopt it?

  2. Note 13How should the Internet work?

    On Decentralising Global IP Address Registration with Distributed Ledger Technology

    What changes when uniqueness is guaranteed by an algorithm instead of an institution?

    Today, the Internet’s most fundamental layer—IP address registration—remains centralised in the hands of five private Regional Internet Registries. Each holds a fragment of the global registration database, operates under a single national jurisdiction, and collectively costs hundreds of millions of dollars annually to maintain a system that is, in technical terms, trivial: a registration database measured in hundreds of megabytes. This structure introduces bureaucracy, inefficiency, geopolitical risk, and single points of failure into what has become critical global infrastructure.

  3. Note 8How should the Internet work?

    On Why Centralised Alternatives Fail — and Why a Decentralised Registry Is the Only Viable Path

    Why do state or treaty-based replacements for the registries fail, and what works instead?

    As IPv4 exhaustion rendered the original allocation role of Regional Internet Registries obsolete, a recurring question emerged: should RIRs continue to exist, and if so, in what form? Various alternatives have been proposed—state control, intergovernmental bodies, or treaty-based institutions modeled after organizations like the IAEA. All of these proposals share the same flaw: they attempt to solve a simple technical problem by adding political and bureaucratic complexity.

  4. Note 5How should the Internet work?

    On Decentralising the Internet’s Governance

    What would it take to move core identifiers out of institutions that predate today’s technology?

    The Internet today still relies on legacy structures that allocate and register critical identifiers—names and numbers—through centralised institutions that predate modern decentralised technology. These institutions, known as Regional Internet Registries, were created when the network was small and technical collaboration was informal. As the Internet matured into a global utility, the centralised control of identifiers became a structural vulnerability: a choke point susceptible to power capture, opaque governance and political pressure.

  5. Note 4How should the Internet work?

    On Data Sovereignty: Technical vs Practical Realities

    Can a national law contain data that flows everywhere?

    Global discussions on data sovereignty often confuse technical ideals with operational realities. At the Interconnect World Forum 2025 in Tokyo, I highlighted a core truth: enforceability of national data localisation laws is limited in a global digital economy where data flows everywhere and no single jurisdiction can physically contain connectivity.

  6. Note 3How should the Internet work?

    On Decentralising IP Addresses

    Why is the last centralised layer of the Internet a structural risk, not a philosophical one?

    The Internet has been steadily moving toward decentralisation for decades. From infrastructure to applications, from blockchain to Web3, almost every layer is reducing single points of control. Yet one critical layer remains stubbornly centralised: names and numbers—domain names and IP addresses. This is not a philosophical issue but a structural risk. Any centralised choke point can be captured, politicised, or abused, and when that happens, the Internet fragments.